java.util
Class TreeMap

java.lang.Object
  |
  +--java.util.AbstractMap
        |
        +--java.util.TreeMap

All Implemented Interfaces:

Cloneable, Map, Serializable, SortedMap

public class TreeMap

extends AbstractMap

implements SortedMap, Cloneable, Serializable

Red-Black tree based implementation of the SortedMap interface. This class guarantees that the map will be in ascending key order, sorted according to the natural order for the key's class (see Comparable), or by the comparator provided at creation time, depending on which constructor is used.

This implementation provides guaranteed log(n) time cost for the containsKey, get, put and remove operations. Algorithms are adaptations of those in Cormen, Leiserson, and Rivest's Introduction to Algorithms.

Note that the ordering maintained by a sorted map (whether or not an explicit comparator is provided) must be consistent with equals if this sorted map is to correctly implement the Map interface. (See Comparable or Comparator for a precise definition of consistent with equals.) This is so because the Map interface is defined in terms of the equals operation, but a map performs all key comparisons using its compareTo (or compare) method, so two keys that are deemed equal by this method are, from the standpoint of the sorted map, equal. The behavior of a sorted map is well-defined even if its ordering is inconsistent with equals; it just fails to obey the general contract of the Map interface.

Note that this implementation is not synchronized. If multiple threads access a map concurrently, and at least one of the threads modifies the map structurally, it must be synchronized externally. (A structural modification is any operation that adds or deletes one or more mappings; merely changing the value associated with an existing key is not a structural modification.) This is typically accomplished by synchronizing on some object that naturally encapsulates the map. If no such object exists, the map should be "wrapped" using the Collections.synchronizedMap method. This is best done at creation time, to prevent accidental unsynchronized access to the map:

     Map m = Collections.synchronizedMap(new TreeMap(...));
 

The iterators returned by all of this class's "collection view methods" are fail-fast: if the map is structurally modified at any time after the iterator is created, in any way except through the iterator's own remove or add methods, the iterator throws a ConcurrentModificationException. Thus, in the face of concurrent modification, the iterator fails quickly and cleanly, rather than risking arbitrary, non-deterministic behavior at an undetermined time in the future.

Note that the fail-fast behavior of an iterator cannot be guaranteed as it is, generally speaking, impossible to make any hard guarantees in the presence of unsynchronized concurrent modification. Fail-fast iterators throw ConcurrentModificationException on a best-effort basis. Therefore, it would be wrong to write a program that depended on this exception for its correctness: the fail-fast behavior of iterators should be used only to detect bugs.

Since:

1.2

See Also:

Map, HashMap, Hashtable, Comparable, Comparator, Collection, Collections.synchronizedMap(Map), Serialized Form

Nested Class Summary

Nested classes inherited from class java.util.Map

Map.Entry

Constructor Summary

TreeMap()
Constructs a new, empty map, sorted according to the keys' natural order.

TreeMap(Comparator c)
Constructs a new, empty map, sorted according to the given comparator.

TreeMap(Map m)
Constructs a new map containing the same mappings as the given map, sorted according to the keys' natural order.

TreeMap(SortedMap m)
Constructs a new map containing the same mappings as the given SortedMap, sorted according to the same ordering.

Method Summary

void	clear() Removes all mappings from this TreeMap.
Object	clone() Returns a shallow copy of this TreeMap instance.
Comparator	comparator() Returns the comparator used to order this map, or null if this map uses its keys' natural order.
boolean	containsKey(Object key) Returns true if this map contains a mapping for the specified key.
boolean	containsValue(Object value) Returns true if this map maps one or more keys to the specified value.
Set	entrySet() Returns a set view of the mappings contained in this map.
Object	firstKey() Returns the first (lowest) key currently in this sorted map.
Object	get(Object key) Returns the value to which this map maps the specified key.
SortedMap	headMap(Object toKey) Returns a view of the portion of this map whose keys are strictly less than toKey.
Set	keySet() Returns a Set view of the keys contained in this map.
Object	lastKey() Returns the last (highest) key currently in this sorted map.
Object	put(Object key, Object value) Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map.
void	putAll(Map map) Copies all of the mappings from the specified map to this map.
Object	remove(Object key) Removes the mapping for this key from this TreeMap if present.
int	size() Returns the number of key-value mappings in this map.
SortedMap	subMap(Object fromKey, Object toKey) Returns a view of the portion of this map whose keys range from fromKey, inclusive, to toKey, exclusive.
SortedMap	tailMap(Object fromKey) Returns a view of the portion of this map whose keys are greater than or equal to fromKey.
Collection	values() Returns a collection view of the values contained in this map.

Methods inherited from class java.util.AbstractMap

equals, hashCode, isEmpty, toString

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

finalize, getClass, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait

Methods inherited from interface java.util.Map

equals, hashCode, isEmpty

Constructor Detail

TreeMap

public TreeMap()

Constructs a new, empty map, sorted according to the keys' natural order. All keys inserted into the map must implement the Comparable interface. Furthermore, all such keys must be mutually comparable: k1.compareTo(k2) must not throw a ClassCastException for any elements k1 and k2 in the map. If the user attempts to put a key into the map that violates this constraint (for example, the user attempts to put a string key into a map whose keys are integers), the put(Object key, Object value) call will throw a ClassCastException.

See Also:

Comparable

TreeMap

public TreeMap(Comparator c)

Constructs a new, empty map, sorted according to the given comparator. All keys inserted into the map must be mutually comparable by the given comparator: comparator.compare(k1, k2) must not throw a ClassCastException for any keys k1 and k2 in the map. If the user attempts to put a key into the map that violates this constraint, the put(Object key, Object value) call will throw a ClassCastException.

Parameters:

c - the comparator that will be used to sort this map. A null value indicates that the keys' natural ordering should be used.

TreeMap

public TreeMap(Map m)

Constructs a new map containing the same mappings as the given map, sorted according to the keys' natural order. All keys inserted into the new map must implement the Comparable interface. Furthermore, all such keys must be mutually comparable: k1.compareTo(k2) must not throw a ClassCastException for any elements k1 and k2 in the map. This method runs in n*log(n) time.

Parameters:

m - the map whose mappings are to be placed in this map.

Throws:

ClassCastException - the keys in t are not Comparable, or are not mutually comparable.

NullPointerException - if the specified map is null.

TreeMap

public TreeMap(SortedMap m)

Constructs a new map containing the same mappings as the given SortedMap, sorted according to the same ordering. This method runs in linear time.

Parameters:

m - the sorted map whose mappings are to be placed in this map, and whose comparator is to be used to sort this map.

Throws:

NullPointerException - if the specified sorted map is null.

Method Detail

size

public int size()

Returns the number of key-value mappings in this map.

Specified by:

size in interface Map

Overrides:

size in class AbstractMap

Returns:

the number of key-value mappings in this map.

containsKey

public boolean containsKey(Object key)

Returns true if this map contains a mapping for the specified key.

Specified by:

containsKey in interface Map

Overrides:

containsKey in class AbstractMap

Parameters:

key - key whose presence in this map is to be tested.

Returns:

true if this map contains a mapping for the specified key.

Throws:

ClassCastException - if the key cannot be compared with the keys currently in the map.

NullPointerException - key is null and this map uses natural ordering, or its comparator does not tolerate null keys.

containsValue

public boolean containsValue(Object value)

Returns true if this map maps one or more keys to the specified value. More formally, returns true if and only if this map contains at least one mapping to a value v such that (value==null ? v==null : value.equals(v)). This operation will probably require time linear in the Map size for most implementations of Map.

Specified by:

containsValue in interface Map

Overrides:

containsValue in class AbstractMap

Parameters:

value - value whose presence in this Map is to be tested.

Returns:

true if a mapping to value exists; false otherwise.

Since:

1.2

get

public Object get(Object key)

Returns the value to which this map maps the specified key. Returns null if the map contains no mapping for this key. A return value of null does not necessarily indicate that the map contains no mapping for the key; it's also possible that the map explicitly maps the key to null. The containsKey operation may be used to distinguish these two cases.

Specified by:

get in interface Map

Overrides:

get in class AbstractMap

Parameters:

key - key whose associated value is to be returned.

Returns:

the value to which this map maps the specified key, or null if the map contains no mapping for the key.

Throws:

ClassCastException - key cannot be compared with the keys currently in the map.

NullPointerException - key is null and this map uses natural ordering, or its comparator does not tolerate null keys.

See Also:

containsKey(Object)

comparator

public Comparator comparator()

Returns the comparator used to order this map, or null if this map uses its keys' natural order.

Specified by:

comparator in interface SortedMap

Returns:

the comparator associated with this sorted map, or null if it uses its keys' natural sort method.

firstKey

public Object firstKey()

Returns the first (lowest) key currently in this sorted map.

Specified by:

firstKey in interface SortedMap

Returns:

the first (lowest) key currently in this sorted map.

Throws:

NoSuchElementException - Map is empty.

lastKey

public Object lastKey()

Returns the last (highest) key currently in this sorted map.

Specified by:

lastKey in interface SortedMap

Returns:

the last (highest) key currently in this sorted map.

Throws:

NoSuchElementException - Map is empty.

putAll

public void putAll(Map map)

Copies all of the mappings from the specified map to this map. These mappings replace any mappings that this map had for any of the keys currently in the specified map.

Specified by:

putAll in interface Map

Overrides:

putAll in class AbstractMap

Parameters:

map - mappings to be stored in this map.

Throws:

ClassCastException - class of a key or value in the specified map prevents it from being stored in this map.

NullPointerException - if the given map is null or this map does not permit null keys and a key in the specified map is null.

put

public Object put(Object key,
                  Object value)

Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map. If the map previously contained a mapping for this key, the old value is replaced.

Specified by:

put in interface Map

Overrides:

put in class AbstractMap

Parameters:

key - key with which the specified value is to be associated.

value - value to be associated with the specified key.

Returns:

previous value associated with specified key, or null if there was no mapping for key. A null return can also indicate that the map previously associated null with the specified key.

Throws:

ClassCastException - key cannot be compared with the keys currently in the map.

NullPointerException - key is null and this map uses natural order, or its comparator does not tolerate null keys.

remove

public Object remove(Object key)

Removes the mapping for this key from this TreeMap if present.

Specified by:

remove in interface Map

Overrides:

remove in class AbstractMap

Parameters:

key - key for which mapping should be removed

Returns:

previous value associated with specified key, or null if there was no mapping for key. A null return can also indicate that the map previously associated null with the specified key.

Throws:

ClassCastException - key cannot be compared with the keys currently in the map.

NullPointerException - key is null and this map uses natural order, or its comparator does not tolerate null keys.

clear

public void clear()

Removes all mappings from this TreeMap.

Specified by:

clear in interface Map

Overrides:

clear in class AbstractMap

clone

public Object clone()

Returns a shallow copy of this TreeMap instance. (The keys and values themselves are not cloned.)

Overrides:

clone in class AbstractMap

Returns:

a shallow copy of this Map.

keySet

public Set keySet()

Returns a Set view of the keys contained in this map. The set's iterator will return the keys in ascending order. The map is backed by this TreeMap instance, so changes to this map are reflected in the Set, and vice-versa. The Set supports element removal, which removes the corresponding mapping from the map, via the Iterator.remove, Set.remove, removeAll, retainAll, and clear operations. It does not support the add or addAll operations.

Specified by:

keySet in interface Map

Overrides:

keySet in class AbstractMap

Returns:

a set view of the keys contained in this TreeMap.

values

public Collection values()

Returns a collection view of the values contained in this map. The collection's iterator will return the values in the order that their corresponding keys appear in the tree. The collection is backed by this TreeMap instance, so changes to this map are reflected in the collection, and vice-versa. The collection supports element removal, which removes the corresponding mapping from the map through the Iterator.remove, Collection.remove, removeAll, retainAll, and clear operations. It does not support the add or addAll operations.

Specified by:

values in interface Map

Overrides:

values in class AbstractMap

Returns:

a collection view of the values contained in this map.

entrySet

public Set entrySet()

Returns a set view of the mappings contained in this map. The set's iterator returns the mappings in ascending key order. Each element in the returned set is a Map.Entry. The set is backed by this map, so changes to this map are reflected in the set, and vice-versa. The set supports element removal, which removes the corresponding mapping from the TreeMap, through the Iterator.remove, Set.remove, removeAll, retainAll and clear operations. It does not support the add or addAll operations.

Specified by:

entrySet in interface Map

Specified by:

entrySet in class AbstractMap

Returns:

a set view of the mappings contained in this map.

See Also:

Map.Entry

subMap

public SortedMap subMap(Object fromKey,
                        Object toKey)

Returns a view of the portion of this map whose keys range from fromKey, inclusive, to toKey, exclusive. (If fromKey and toKey are equal, the returned sorted map is empty.) The returned sorted map is backed by this map, so changes in the returned sorted map are reflected in this map, and vice-versa. The returned sorted map supports all optional map operations.

The sorted map returned by this method will throw an IllegalArgumentException if the user attempts to insert a key less than fromKey or greater than or equal to toKey.

Note: this method always returns a half-open range (which includes its low endpoint but not its high endpoint). If you need a closed range (which includes both endpoints), and the key type allows for calculation of the successor a given key, merely request the subrange from lowEndpoint to successor(highEndpoint). For example, suppose that m is a sorted map whose keys are strings. The following idiom obtains a view containing all of the key-value mappings in m whose keys are between low and high, inclusive:

    SortedMap sub = m.submap(low, high+"\0");

A similar technique can be used to generate an open range (which contains neither endpoint). The following idiom obtains a view containing all of the key-value mappings in m whose keys are between low and high, exclusive:

    SortedMap sub = m.subMap(low+"\0", high);

Specified by:

subMap in interface SortedMap

Parameters:

fromKey - low endpoint (inclusive) of the subMap.

toKey - high endpoint (exclusive) of the subMap.

Returns:

a view of the portion of this map whose keys range from fromKey, inclusive, to toKey, exclusive.

Throws:

ClassCastException - if fromKey and toKey cannot be compared to one another using this map's comparator (or, if the map has no comparator, using natural ordering).

IllegalArgumentException - if fromKey is greater than toKey.

NullPointerException - if fromKey or toKey is null and this map uses natural order, or its comparator does not tolerate null keys.

headMap

public SortedMap headMap(Object toKey)

Returns a view of the portion of this map whose keys are strictly less than toKey. The returned sorted map is backed by this map, so changes in the returned sorted map are reflected in this map, and vice-versa. The returned sorted map supports all optional map operations.

The sorted map returned by this method will throw an IllegalArgumentException if the user attempts to insert a key greater than or equal to toKey.

Note: this method always returns a view that does not contain its (high) endpoint. If you need a view that does contain this endpoint, and the key type allows for calculation of the successor a given key, merely request a headMap bounded by successor(highEndpoint). For example, suppose that suppose that m is a sorted map whose keys are strings. The following idiom obtains a view containing all of the key-value mappings in m whose keys are less than or equal to high:

     SortedMap head = m.headMap(high+"\0");
 

Specified by:

headMap in interface SortedMap

Parameters:

toKey - high endpoint (exclusive) of the headMap.

Returns:

a view of the portion of this map whose keys are strictly less than toKey.

Throws:

ClassCastException - if toKey is not compatible with this map's comparator (or, if the map has no comparator, if toKey does not implement Comparable).

IllegalArgumentException - if this map is itself a subMap, headMap, or tailMap, and toKey is not within the specified range of the subMap, headMap, or tailMap.

NullPointerException - if toKey is null and this map uses natural order, or its comparator does not tolerate null keys.

tailMap

public SortedMap tailMap(Object fromKey)

Returns a view of the portion of this map whose keys are greater than or equal to fromKey. The returned sorted map is backed by this map, so changes in the returned sorted map are reflected in this map, and vice-versa. The returned sorted map supports all optional map operations.

The sorted map returned by this method will throw an IllegalArgumentException if the user attempts to insert a key less than fromKey.

Note: this method always returns a view that contains its (low) endpoint. If you need a view that does not contain this endpoint, and the element type allows for calculation of the successor a given value, merely request a tailMap bounded by successor(lowEndpoint). For For example, suppose that suppose that m is a sorted map whose keys are strings. The following idiom obtains a view containing all of the key-value mappings in m whose keys are strictly greater than low:

     SortedMap tail = m.tailMap(low+"\0");
 

Specified by:

tailMap in interface SortedMap

Parameters:

fromKey - low endpoint (inclusive) of the tailMap.

Returns:

a view of the portion of this map whose keys are greater than or equal to fromKey.

Throws:

ClassCastException - if fromKey is not compatible with this map's comparator (or, if the map has no comparator, if fromKey does not implement Comparable).

IllegalArgumentException - if this map is itself a subMap, headMap, or tailMap, and fromKey is not within the specified range of the subMap, headMap, or tailMap.

NullPointerException - if fromKey is null and this map uses natural order, or its comparator does not tolerate null keys.